Question 1

PARKINSONS DISEASE

Accepted Answer

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that affects movement and can also affect mood, sleep, thinking, and other body functions. It often starts gradually and changes over time, but the pattern can look different from person to person.¹˒²

Parkinson’s happens because certain brain cells that help with movement become damaged or die, and dopamine, a key brain chemical for smooth movement, becomes lower.¹˒² Many symptoms are connected to how the brain’s movement networks respond to that dopamine change.¹

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

For most people, there isn’t one single cause. Parkinson’s is usually thought to come from a mix of factors, including age, genetics, and environmental exposures, and researchers are still working to understand how these pieces fit together.¹˒³

Some people do have genetic forms or strong family patterns, but that is not the majority of cases.¹ If you’re wondering about your own risk, it can help to ask your clinician when genetic counseling or testing is, or isn’t, useful for your situation.¹

What are the most common movement symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

The classic movement symptoms include slowed movement (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), tremor, and changes in balance and walking.²˒⁴ These symptoms can show up on one side first and feel uneven for a while.⁴

Not everyone has the same mix. Some people notice tremor early, others notice stiffness, smaller handwriting, softer voice, shuffling steps, or trouble starting movements.²˒⁴ When symptoms change, it is reasonable to bring specific examples, timing, and triggers to your visit so your care team can sort out what is happening.²

What are common non-movement symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s is not only a movement condition. Many people experience non-movement symptoms such as sleep problems, mood changes, constipation, pain, fatigue, or changes in thinking and memory.¹˒³

These symptoms matter because they can affect daily life as much as tremor or stiffness, and they may respond to different approaches than motor symptoms.³ If you notice new non-movement symptoms, it helps to name them clearly and ask which ones could be Parkinson’s-related, medication-related, or from another health issue.¹˒³

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

Parkinson’s is usually diagnosed based on a clinician’s evaluation, including your symptom history and a neurologic exam.²˒⁴ There is no single blood test that confirms typical Parkinson’s disease in routine care.²

Sometimes imaging or other tests are used to rule out other causes of similar symptoms, especially when the picture is not clear.² If you feel uncertain about the diagnosis, it is reasonable to ask what features support Parkinson’s disease in your case, and what features would suggest a different condition.²˒⁴

What treatments can help Parkinson’s symptoms?

There is no cure yet, but treatments can improve many symptoms for many people.¹ Medicines are a main tool, and care often includes movement-based therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, depending on your needs.¹˒⁵

Medication plans are individualized and can change over time.²˒⁵ If you live outside the United States, medication names, formularies, and access pathways can differ, so your clinician may discuss what is available where you live and what alternatives exist.⁵

What is levodopa, and why is it often used in Parkinson’s disease?

Levodopa is one of the most effective medicines for Parkinson’s motor symptoms. It helps increase dopamine in the brain, which can improve slowness, stiffness, and sometimes tremor.²˒⁶

Over time, some people develop changing responses to doses, meaning the benefit does not last as smoothly between doses as it once did.⁶ This is common enough that many clinics talk about it early, so you know what to watch for and how to describe it if it happens.⁶

What are motor fluctuations and “off” times?

Motor fluctuations are changes in how well movement symptoms are controlled during the day, often related to medication timing. “On” time is when symptoms are better controlled, and “off” time is when symptoms return or worsen as medication wears off.⁶˒⁷

These shifts can feel like the lights dimming and brightening, not because you did anything wrong, but because the brain’s response to medication changes over the course of the condition.⁶˒⁷ If you suspect fluctuations, tracking dose times and what you feel before and after each dose can help your clinician adjust treatment safely.⁶˒⁷

What is dyskinesia?

Dyskinesia is involuntary, often writhing or dance-like movement that is most commonly linked to Parkinson’s medications, especially levodopa.⁷˒⁸ It is not the same as tremor, and it often shows up when medication effect is strongest, although patterns can vary.⁸

Dyskinesia can be mild or more disruptive, and it can come and go.⁸ If you think you’re experiencing it, describing when it happens in relation to medication doses is one of the most helpful details you can bring to your care team.⁸

When might “advanced therapies” be discussed?

“Advanced therapies” is a broad term that often means treatment options considered when symptoms are no longer well-controlled with pills alone, especially when motor fluctuations or dyskinesia become difficult to manage.⁵˒⁷ These options can include device-based or infusion approaches, depending on what is available and appropriate.⁵

The decision is usually not about being “sicker,” it is about matching the tool to the pattern of symptoms and side effects you are living with.⁵˒⁷ If advanced therapy is mentioned, you can ask what problem it is meant to solve in your specific case, and what other choices exist.⁵

What is deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease?

DBS is a surgical therapy where thin electrodes are placed in specific brain areas involved in movement, and a neurostimulator delivers electrical pulses to help reduce certain motor symptoms.⁹˒¹⁰ It is not a cure, and it does not stop the disease from progressing, but it can improve quality of life for some people by reducing motor symptoms and medication-related complications.⁹˒¹¹

In the United States, DBS systems have FDA-approved indications for Parkinson’s disease, including stimulation of targets such as the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus internus (GPi) in appropriately selected people.¹¹˒¹² Outside the US, approvals and device availability may be governed by different regulatory pathways such as CE marking in parts of Europe, UK regulations, Health Canada licensing, or Australia’s TGA processes.¹³˒¹⁴˒¹⁵˒¹⁶

Who tends to be considered for DBS, and who may not be a good fit?

DBS is often considered for people with Parkinson’s disease who have a good response to levodopa but have significant motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, or tremor that is not adequately controlled with medication adjustments.⁹˒¹⁰˒¹¹

DBS may not be appropriate for everyone. Factors like certain cognitive problems, untreated severe mood or psychiatric illness, major medical risks for surgery, or symptoms that do not respond to levodopa may change the balance of risks and benefits.⁹˒¹⁰ If you’re unsure where you fit, a DBS evaluation typically includes a careful medical, neurologic, and often neuropsychological review to support a thoughtful decision.⁹˒¹⁰

Which brain targets are used for DBS in Parkinson’s, and why do they matter?

The most commonly used targets for Parkinson’s DBS include the STN and GPi.⁹˒¹⁰ Both targets can improve motor symptoms and can help reduce “off” time and dyskinesia in appropriately selected patients, but the best choice depends on the person’s symptom pattern, side effect risks, and treatment goals.⁹˒¹⁰

Another target, the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus, is mainly used for tremor control in certain situations.¹¹ The target decision is one of those moments where the veil should lift a bit, you deserve a plain-language explanation of why a specific target matches your goals.⁹˒¹⁰

What benefits can DBS provide, and what can’t it do?

DBS can improve certain motor symptoms, and it can reduce the amount of time symptoms break through between medication doses for many people who are good candidates.⁹˒¹⁰˒¹¹ Many people also use less medication after DBS, although medication usually does not go away completely.⁹˒¹⁰

DBS does not cure Parkinson’s disease and does not reliably improve every symptom.⁹˒¹⁰ Speech, balance, freezing of gait, and some non-movement symptoms may be less predictable, and some can worsen depending on disease progression and stimulation settings.⁹˒¹⁰ This is why experienced programming and long-term follow-up matter, and why it helps to talk about your personal “must improve” goals before surgery.⁹˒¹⁰

What does the DBS process usually look like from evaluation to long-term care?

Most DBS programs follow a step-by-step pathway. It often includes confirmation of diagnosis, assessment of levodopa response, brain imaging for planning, and conversations about goals, expectations, and risks.⁹˒¹⁰

After surgery, programming visits tune the settings over time.⁹˒¹⁰ Think of it like bringing a new instrument into the orchestra, it may take several sessions to find the clearest sound, and that sound can change as your life, stress, sleep, and medication needs change.⁹˒¹⁰

What is adaptive DBS, and how is it different from traditional DBS?

Traditional DBS typically delivers stimulation continuously based on settings chosen during programming.⁹ Adaptive DBS, sometimes called aDBS, is designed to adjust stimulation in response to certain brain signals, aiming to provide the right amount of stimulation when needed.¹²˒¹⁷

In February 2025, the FDA approved an adaptive DBS programming feature for an existing DBS platform, meaning this approach is moving from research into broader clinical use for some people.¹² Studies in selected patients suggest adaptive DBS can be tolerable and may help manage motor control and reduce troublesome dyskinesia in certain settings, but it is not automatically the best option for everyone.¹⁷

What information can I track to help my care team make better decisions?

Tracking does not have to be perfect, it just has to be useful. The goal is to bring a clearer picture of patterns, so your clinic visit feels less like guessing behind a foggy mask.⁶˒⁷

Here are examples of what many medical teams find helpful to review:
 • Medication schedule: dose times, missed doses, and timing of meals if relevant.⁶˒⁷
 • “On” and “off” patterns: when symptoms improve or return, and what those symptoms look like.⁶˒⁷
 • Dyskinesia timing: when it happens and how severe it feels.⁸
 • Falls, freezing, or near-falls: what you were doing, where it happened, and time of day.⁴˒⁵
 • Sleep, mood, and thinking changes: what changed, when, and whether it seems linked to medication changes.³˒⁵

What questions can I ask my clinician about my next step in treatment, including DBS?

A good visit often starts with clarity on the “why.” Not pressure, not fear, just light on the path ahead.⁵˒⁹

Questions that can guide a grounded conversation include:
 • What symptoms are most likely to improve with medication changes, and which are less likely?²˒⁵
 • Am I experiencing motor fluctuations or dyskinesia, and how can we confirm it?⁶˒⁸
 • If we discuss DBS, what problem are we trying to solve, and how will we measure success?⁹˒¹⁰
 • Which DBS target would you consider for me, and why, based on my symptoms and risks?⁹˒¹⁰
 • What are the most common risks in your program, and how are complications handled?⁹˒¹⁰
 • What does follow-up programming look like, and how often will I need visits long term?⁹˒¹⁰
 • In my country or region, what device options and support services are realistically available?¹⁴˒¹⁵˒¹⁶

SAFETY NOTE
If symptoms are urgent, sudden, or severe, for example sudden confusion, severe weakness, chest pain, fainting, signs of stroke, or a rapid major change in function, seek emergency care right away.

GLOSSARY
Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS): A form of DBS designed to adjust stimulation in response to certain brain signals, with the goal of matching stimulation to need over time.
Bradykinesia: Slowed movement. This can show up as taking longer to start moving, smaller steps, or slower hand movements.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS): A surgical therapy that uses implanted electrodes and a neurostimulator to deliver electrical pulses to specific brain targets to help manage certain symptoms.
Dopamine: A brain chemical involved in movement and other functions. In Parkinson’s disease, dopamine levels drop because dopamine-producing cells are damaged or die.
Dyskinesia: Involuntary, often writhing or dance-like movement, most commonly linked to Parkinson’s medications such as levodopa.
Globus pallidus internus (GPi): A brain structure involved in movement circuits. It is one of the common DBS targets for Parkinson’s disease.
Levodopa: A medication that the body converts to dopamine. It is commonly used to treat Parkinson’s motor symptoms.
Motor fluctuations: Changes in symptom control during the day, often related to medication timing, including “on” time and “off” time.
Off time: Periods when Parkinson’s symptoms return or worsen, often as medication effect wears off.
On time: Periods when Parkinson’s symptoms are better controlled, often when medication is working well.
Rigidity: Stiffness in muscles that can make movement feel tight or resistant.
Subthalamic nucleus (STN): A brain structure in movement circuits. It is one of the most common DBS targets for Parkinson’s disease.
Ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM): A thalamic brain target often used for tremor control in selected situations.

REFERENCES
1. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Parkinson’s Disease. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/parkinsons-disease(https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/parkinsons-disease?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
2. National Institute on Aging. Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments(https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
3. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Parkinson’s Disease: Challenges, Progress, and Promise. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/current-research/focus-disorders/parkinsons-disease-research/parkinsons-disease-challenges-progress-and-promise(https://www.ninds.nih.gov/current-research/focus-disorders/parkinsons-disease-research/parkinsons-disease-challenges-progress-and-promise?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
4. Mayo Clinic. Parkinson’s disease: Symptoms and causes. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055(https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
5. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Parkinson’s disease in adults (NG71): Recommendations. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng71/chapter/recommendations(https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng71/chapter/recommendations?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
6. Parkinson’s Foundation. Motor Fluctuations and Parkinson’s “Off” Times (PDF). Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.parkinson.org/sites/default/files/documents/motor-fluctuations.pdf(https://www.parkinson.org/sites/default/files/documents/motor-fluctuations.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
7. Halli-Tierney AD, Luker J, Carroll DG. Parkinson Disease. Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(11):679-691. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html(https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/1201/p679.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
8. Parkinson’s Foundation. Dyskinesia. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/movement-symptoms/dyskinesia(https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/movement-symptoms/dyskinesia?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
9. American Academy of Neurology. Practice Guideline, March 2018: Evidence-based guideline on STN and GPi DBS for Parkinson’s disease. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/home/GuidelineDetail/925(https://www.aan.com/Guidelines/home/GuidelineDetail/925?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
10. Hartmann CJ, Fliegen S, Groiss SJ, Wojtecki L, Schnitzler A. An update on best practice of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419838096. doi:10.1177/1756286419838096. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419838096()
11. US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket Approval (PMA) P960009/S052: Medtronic Activa PC, indicated for Parkinson’s control therapy (STN or GPi) in advanced, levodopa-responsive Parkinson’s disease. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?ID=P960009S052(https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?ID=P960009S052&utm_source=chatgpt.com)
12. US Food and Drug Administration. Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data (SSED): P960009/S478, adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) programming feature for Percept DBS system (PDF). Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf/P960009S478B.pdf(https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf/P960009S478B.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
13. European Medicines Agency. Medical devices, CE marking and conformity assessment overview. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/medical-devices(https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory-overview/medical-devices?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
14. UK Government. Regulating medical devices in the UK. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/regulating-medical-devices-in-the-uk(https://www.gov.uk/guidance/regulating-medical-devices-in-the-uk?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
15. Health Canada. Medical device licensing. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/licences-authorizations-registrations-drug-health-products/licence-authorization-registration-forms-drug-health-products/medical-device-licensing.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/licences-authorizations-registrations-drug-health-products/licence-authorization-registration-forms-drug-health-products/medical-device-licensing.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
16. Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia). Overview of medical devices and IVD regulation. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medical-devices/overview/overview-medical-devices-and-ivd-regulation(https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medical-devices/overview/overview-medical-devices-and-ivd-regulation?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
17. Bronte-Stewart HM, Beudel M, Ostrem JL, et al. Long-Term Personalized Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2025;82(11):1171-1180. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.2781. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.2781()
18. European Union. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices (Medical Device Regulation). Accessed January 15, 2026. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng(https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

Question 2

SECONDARY PARKINSONISM

Accepted Answer

What does “Secondary Parkinsonism/Parkinsonian tremor” mean?

Parkinsonian tremor is a rhythmic shaking that happens when brain movement circuits are disrupted in a Parkinson-like pattern. It can be part of Parkinson’s disease, but it can also happen in other conditions that cause “parkinsonism,” meaning a set of symptoms that look like Parkinson’s.¹˒²

Tremor is only one piece of the picture. Parkinsonian syndromes can also include slowed movement (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity), and changes in walking and balance, and the combination and timing of these features helps clinicians figure out the cause.¹˒³

What is the difference between Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism?

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, meaning it involves gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain over time. It often starts on one side of the body, progresses slowly, and includes both movement and non-movement symptoms.¹˒⁴

Parkinsonism is a broader term for the symptom pattern, not a single disease. Parkinsonism can be caused by PD, by other neurodegenerative conditions, or by secondary causes like certain medications or vascular (stroke-related) brain changes.¹˒³

What is “secondary parkinsonism,” and what are secondary parkinsonian tremors?

Secondary parkinsonism means parkinsonism caused by an identifiable outside or structural trigger rather than typical Parkinson’s disease biology. Common causes include drug-induced parkinsonism and vascular parkinsonism, and there are other less common causes such as toxins, infections, tumors, or head injury related syndromes.⁵˒⁶

Secondary parkinsonian tremor refers to tremor that occurs as part of secondary parkinsonism. The tremor can look Parkinson-like, but the cause and treatment strategy may be different, which is why the “why” behind the tremor matters as much as the tremor itself.⁵˒⁶

How do tremors in Parkinson’s disease typically look?

In Parkinson’s disease, tremor is often most noticeable at rest, for example when a hand is relaxed in the lap, and it commonly starts on one side.¹˒⁴ Parkinson’s tremor can also show up during posture holding or movement, and mixed tremor patterns are described in clinical studies.⁷˒⁸

A pattern called re-emergent tremor can also occur, where tremor quiets briefly when you hold a posture, then returns after a short delay. This pattern can give clinicians a clue that the tremor fits a Parkinsonian profile rather than another tremor syndrome.⁹˒¹⁰

How is Parkinson’s disease tremor different from drug-induced parkinsonian tremor?

Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is most often linked to medications that block dopamine signaling, such as many antipsychotic drugs, and some other medication classes can also contribute.⁵˒¹¹ DIP has often been described as more symmetric, affecting both sides more evenly than typical PD, and it may have less prominent rest tremor on average, although rest tremor can still occur in a substantial proportion of cases.¹¹˒¹²

Another key difference is the story over time. DIP can improve after stopping the causative medication, but improvement may take weeks to months, and in some cases symptoms persist, especially if the medication unmasked underlying PD rather than being the only cause.¹¹˒¹³

How is Parkinson’s disease tremor different from vascular parkinsonian tremor?

Vascular parkinsonism is parkinsonism associated with cerebrovascular disease, often involving small vessel changes or strokes that affect movement pathways. It is classically described as having more gait difficulty and lower-body involvement, more symmetry, and less tremor compared with typical PD, although individual cases vary.¹⁴˒¹⁵

Levodopa response can also differ. In studies comparing groups, levodopa response rates tend to be lower in vascular parkinsonism than in idiopathic PD, which can help guide expectations and next steps.¹⁵˒¹⁴

Are there other secondary causes that can mimic Parkinson’s tremor?

Yes. Secondary parkinsonism can be linked to toxins, metabolic or infectious causes, structural brain lesions, and other medical conditions, and these possibilities are considered especially when the symptom pattern is atypical or the timeline is abrupt.⁶˒⁵

This is one reason clinicians ask detailed questions about medication history, exposures, and neurologic events. When the cause is secondary, the most meaningful treatment step may be addressing the trigger, not just treating the symptoms.⁵˒⁶

How do clinicians sort out Parkinson’s disease tremor from secondary parkinsonian tremor?

Diagnosis usually starts with pattern recognition plus history. Clinicians look at symmetry, the presence or absence of non-movement symptoms, the timeline of onset, and medication exposures, then connect those details to exam findings.¹˒¹³

When uncertainty remains, imaging can help. Dopamine transporter imaging (often called DaTscan) can support the distinction between degenerative dopamine loss, as in PD, and some non-degenerative causes of parkinsonism like pure drug-induced cases, although it is not a standalone “yes or no” test and should be interpreted with the clinical picture.¹⁶˒¹¹

Does levodopa help tremor in Parkinson’s disease, and does it help secondary tremor?

Levodopa is a core medication for PD and often improves motor symptoms, including tremor, though tremor response can be less predictable than bradykinesia or rigidity in some people.⁴˒¹⁷ In PD, clinicians often use levodopa response as an important clue that symptoms are dopamine-responsive.¹⁷˒¹⁸

In secondary parkinsonism, levodopa response may be limited depending on the cause. For example, vascular parkinsonism often shows lower response rates, and drug-induced parkinsonism is usually approached by addressing the medication trigger first, when clinically safe to do so.¹⁵˒¹¹

What treatments are usually considered when tremor is hard to control?

Treatment choices depend on the cause, the tremor type, and what else is happening alongside tremor. In PD, clinicians often optimize dopaminergic medications and supportive therapies first, and then consider advanced options when tremor or medication complications remain disruptive.¹⁷˒¹⁹

In secondary parkinsonism, treatment is often more “cause-first.” That can mean adjusting or changing an offending medication, managing vascular risk factors and stroke prevention strategies where appropriate, and using rehabilitation supports for function and safety, with symptom treatments tailored carefully to the person.¹¹˒¹⁴

When is deep brain stimulation (DBS) discussed for tremor, and why does the cause matter?

DBS is an implanted therapy that can improve certain Parkinson’s motor symptoms, including tremor, in carefully selected patients. For PD, a consistent theme across expert reviews and selection criteria is that the person should have idiopathic, levodopa-responsive Parkinson’s disease, and the evaluation is designed to rule out atypical or secondary causes that are less likely to benefit.¹⁸˒²⁰˒²¹

That is the crucial difference for secondary parkinsonism. DBS is generally not recommended when parkinsonism is secondary or atypical because outcomes are less predictable and the underlying problem may not be the kind DBS is built to address.²¹˒²⁰ If DBS comes up in conversation, it is reasonable to ask your team, “What makes you confident this is idiopathic PD rather than secondary parkinsonism, and what evidence supports DBS benefit for my specific pattern?”¹⁸˒²¹

What about focused ultrasound, and how does it fit into tremor care?

MRI-guided focused ultrasound is an incisionless procedure that creates a small targeted lesion to reduce certain movement symptoms. Unlike DBS, it is not adjustable after the procedure, which changes the risk and follow-up conversation.²²˒²³

Approvals and availability vary by country, and even within a country, access depends on local expertise and healthcare coverage. If this is being considered, it helps to ask what symptom target is planned, what side effects are most common for that target, and what options remain if symptoms change over time.²²˒²³

How do country differences affect access to diagnosis and tremor therapies?

Access can differ based on how specialist care is organized, how imaging and surgery are funded, and how devices and procedures are approved and supported long term. Internationally, regulatory pathways and available device models can differ from the US, which can shape what options a clinic can realistically offer.²⁴˒²⁵˒²⁶

If you live outside the US, it is reasonable to ask which therapies are available locally for PD tremor, which are available for secondary parkinsonism, and what long-term follow-up support looks like in your region, especially for programming-based care like DBS.¹⁹˒²⁴

What can I track to help my clinician understand my tremor more clearly?

Tracking is not about perfection. It is about turning a moving target into something your care team can actually see, like bringing a flashlight into a room that has been lit only by guesses.¹⁷˒¹¹

Here are practical details that often help:
 • When tremor happens: at rest, holding posture, during movement, or mixed.⁷˒⁹
 • Side and body part: one hand, both hands, leg, jaw, voice, or a mix.¹˒⁷
 • Medication timing: dose times, when benefit starts, when it fades, and whether tremor changes during “on” and “off” periods.¹⁷˒²⁷
 • Triggers: stress, poor sleep, rushing, pain, illness, caffeine.⁴˒²⁷
 • Medication list: include recent changes, especially medicines that can affect dopamine signaling.¹¹˒¹³

What questions can I ask my clinician to clarify PD tremor vs secondary parkinsonian tremor?
These questions can help lift the veil and keep the conversation practical:
 • What features make you think this is Parkinson’s disease versus secondary parkinsonism?¹˒⁵
 • Could any of my current or recent medications cause or worsen parkinsonism or tremor?¹¹˒¹³
 • Do my symptoms fit drug-induced parkinsonism, vascular parkinsonism, or another secondary cause, and what evidence supports that?¹⁴˒¹¹
 • Would dopamine transporter imaging be useful in my case, and what would it change about decisions?¹⁶˒¹¹
 • Do I respond to levodopa in a way that supports idiopathic PD, and how are we measuring that response?¹⁸˒¹⁷
 • If we discuss DBS or focused ultrasound, what symptoms are realistically targeted, and what are the tradeoffs for my situation?²¹˒²²
SAFETY NOTE
If symptoms are urgent, sudden, or severe, for example sudden confusion, fainting, new severe weakness, chest pain, or signs of stroke, seek emergency care right away.

GLOSSARY
Action tremor: Tremor that happens during movement or while holding a posture, like holding your arms out.
Bradykinesia: Slowed movement, such as smaller steps, slower hand motions, or taking longer to start moving.
DaTscan: A type of dopamine transporter imaging that can help show whether dopamine nerve endings are reduced in the brain, which can support diagnosis in some cases.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS): An implanted system that delivers electrical pulses to specific brain targets to help manage certain movement symptoms.
Drug-induced parkinsonism: Parkinson-like symptoms caused by certain medications, often those that block dopamine signaling.
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease with no single identified cause, involving gradual loss of dopamine-producing brain cells over time.
Levodopa: A medication that the body converts to dopamine, often used to treat Parkinson’s motor symptoms.
Parkinsonism: A symptom pattern that can include bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and balance or walking changes, and can be caused by several different conditions.
Re-emergent tremor: A tremor pattern where tremor quiets briefly when holding a posture, then returns after a short delay.
Rest tremor: Tremor that is most noticeable when a body part is relaxed and supported.
Secondary parkinsonism: Parkinsonism caused by an identifiable trigger or structural cause, such as medications or vascular brain changes.
Vascular parkinsonism: Parkinsonism linked to cerebrovascular disease, often with more gait and lower-body involvement and less prominent tremor.

REFERENCES
1. International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Movement-Disorder-Overviews/Parkinsons-Disease--Parkinsonism.htm(https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Movement-Disorder-Overviews/Parkinsons-Disease--Parkinsonism.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
2. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Parkinson’s Disease. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/parkinsons-disease(https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/parkinsons-disease?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
3. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Parkinsonism. StatPearls. Updated 2024. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542224/(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542224/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
4. National Institute on Aging. Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments(https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/parkinsons-disease/parkinsons-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatments?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
5. Höllerhage M. Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, vascular lesions, tumors, trauma, and other insults. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2019;149:377-418. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779822/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779822/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
6. Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Parkinsonism, secondary causes and toxin-induced parkinsonism overview. StatPearls. Updated 2024. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542224/(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542224/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
7. Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj M, López-Villegas D, Hernández G, Pascual-Sedano B. Tremor types in Parkinson disease: a descriptive study. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2018;8:543. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6186312/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6186312/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
8. Zampogna A, et al. Resting and action tremor in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-025-01130-9(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41531-025-01130-9?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
9. Thenganatt MA, Louis ED. Distinguishing essential tremor from Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2012;3:168. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3475963/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3475963/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
10. Swinnen BEKS, et al. Reconstructing re-emergent tremor. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2023. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mdc3.13806(https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mdc3.13806?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
11. American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA). Drug-Induced Parkinsonism: Causes and Symptoms. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/drug-induced-parkinsonism/(https://www.apdaparkinson.org/article/drug-induced-parkinsonism/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
12. Shin HW, Chung SJ. Drug-induced parkinsonism. J Clin Neurol. 2012;8(1):15-21. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3325428/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3325428/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
13. Feldman M, Koudys J, Butterfield RJ, et al. Updated perspectives on the management of drug-induced parkinsonism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:2895-2913. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9789682/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9789682/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
14. Udagedara TB, Dissanayaka NNW. Vascular parkinsonism: a review on management updates. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2019;10(2):246-253. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6327701/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6327701/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
15. Winikates J, Jankovic J. Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(1):98-102. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/774631(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/774631?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
16. Brigo F, Matinella A, Erro R, Tinazzi M. [Diagnostic review] Differentiating drug-induced parkinsonism from Parkinson’s disease, role of dopaminergic imaging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353802014002144(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353802014002144?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
17. Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review: update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2018. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/Resources/PDFs/TreatmentsforMotorSymptomsofPD-2018.pdf(https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS-Files1/Resources/PDFs/TreatmentsforMotorSymptomsofPD-2018.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
18. Artusi CA, Romagnolo A, Imbalzano G, et al. Deep brain stimulation selection criteria for Parkinson’s disease: time to go beyond CAPSIT-PD. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):3931. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7761824/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7761824/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
19. Hartmann CJ, Groiss SJ, Wojtecki L, Schnitzler A. An update on best practice of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419838096. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6440024/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6440024/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
20. Katz M, Luciano MS, Carlson K, et al. Referring patients for deep brain stimulation: an improving practice. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(8):1028-1034. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1107840(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1107840?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
21. Groiss SJ, Wojtecki L, Südmeyer M, Schnitzler A. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2009;2(6):379-391. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3002606/(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3002606/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
22. Shiramba A, et al. Efficacy and safety of MRI-guided focused ultrasound for Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mds.30188(https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mds.30188?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
23. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. Focused ultrasound to treat Parkinson’s symptoms on both sides of the body approved. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.michaeljfox.org/news/focused-ultrasound-treat-parkinsons-symptoms-both-sides-body-approved(https://www.michaeljfox.org/news/focused-ultrasound-treat-parkinsons-symptoms-both-sides-body-approved?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
24. European Union. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices (Medical Device Regulation). Accessed January 15, 2026. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng(https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
25. UK Government. Regulating medical devices in the UK. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/regulating-medical-devices-in-the-uk(https://www.gov.uk/guidance/regulating-medical-devices-in-the-uk?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
26. Health Canada. Medical device licensing. Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/licences-authorizations-registrations-drug-health-products/licence-authorization-registration-forms-drug-health-products/medical-device-licensing.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/licences-authorizations-registrations-drug-health-products/licence-authorization-registration-forms-drug-health-products/medical-device-licensing.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
27. Parkinson’s Foundation. Motor Fluctuations and Parkinson’s “Off” Times (PDF). Accessed January 15, 2026. https://www.parkinson.org/sites/default/files/documents/motor-fluctuations.pdf(https://www.parkinson.org/sites/default/files/documents/motor-fluctuations.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com)

ChatGPT can make mistak

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

PARKINSONS HUB

More Information Coming Soon, So Check Back Often!

DON'T TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT . . .

Self-Advocacy

CONNECT WITH US

JOIN OUR MAILING LIST